Crime and Deviance: Occupational, Corporate, Environmental, State and Globalised Crime.
Occupational, Corporate, Environmental, State and Globalised Crime
Corporate Crime
Sutherland: Defines corporate crime as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the case of his occupation".
Nelken: Argues that the study of corporate crime is biased. It tells us more about sociological bias than it does about crime.
Paddington Rail Crash: Two problems occurred, there was a fault on the line due to signalling but the compant had failed to repair it due to costs. The driver of the train had only just passed his test, but the paperwork was not complete and therefore he had not completed all the neccessary procedures.
Michalowski and Kramer: Argues that in developed countries there are basic standards and testing for all new medicines, which costs a lot of money. When it is deemed as unsafe by testing they go on to sell these medicines to underdeveloped countries that don't have this testing. This is not illegal due to standards in other countries, but could still count as corporate crime.
Nestle: The company produced baby formula and made in compulsory in African hospitals, the babies became dependant on the formula milk, they could not afford to buy the formula once out of the hospital and those that could did not have clean water to make the milk, this resulted in the deaths of many babies.
Bhopal-India: Union Carbide, an American chemical company, opened a factory in Bhopal for cheap labour and a lack of health and safety regulations. They failed to train the workers correctly, resulting in an overnight gas leak causing 3000 instant deaths, a further 8000 in the next two weeks and then a further 8000 from related illnesses, reaching a total of 19000 deaths. This should be illegal but it is not and the only people who were truly punished for this crime were the surviving untrained workers.
Pierce: 'Law reflects the interests of the Bourgeoisie' as they have influence over the law, companies can get away with immoral acts.
Tombs: 'Lack of political focus'. The government focus on working class crime in order to keep getting votes. The Proletariat are not interested in corporate crime. The funding bodies for the government are these large immoral companies, so the government will want to protect their interests.
Tombs and Whyte: 'Lack of media coverage'. The media make corporate crime sound boring and too complex for the Proletariat to understand, so the media focusses on trivial crimes by making it sound interesting to the Proletariat.
Braithwaite: 'Punishment through regulation'. Punishment is kept secret from the public. The offenders are able to negotiate their own punishment. He argues that this is ridiculous in comparison to working class crimes.
Occupational Crime
Define: Crimes committed by workers.
Mars: Argues that occupational crime is a 'perk of the job' and it is ignored by the companies, but they budget for workers to do this.
Levy: The working class claim fraudulent expenses, these claims cost billions evert year. People spend more because they aren't paying for it.
State Crime
Green and Ward: Define state crime as " illegal or deviant activites perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies".
Challenger Space Shuttle: During this period of space exploration there were budget cuts to NASA, resulting in the use of cheaper materials to build the space shuttle. NASA knew there were problems on launch day, the team died within 20 seconds of launch due to components melting and the shuttle exploding. The state are to blame as they pushed through with cheaper materials.
Eugene McLaughlin: Argues that state crime is significant. There are four types of state crime:
Globalisation and Crime
Giddens: Defined globalisation as the 'decline of national borders'.
Castells: Types of globalised crimes are the arms trafficking, trafficking nuclear weapons, illegal immigration, human trafficking, cyber crimes, international terrorism, money laundering, drug smuggling.
Ian Taylor: Argues that globalisation provides 'fertile soil' for transnational crimes, it makes it easier.
Glenny: 'Fall of Communism'. Argues that during Communism in Russia/Soviet Union the state determined the prices of resources. After Communism ended the state allowed national resources to be sold in a global market. Oil was an exception to this, anyone who had money knew they could exploit it and they sold it to the highest bidder.
Environmental Crime
Nigel South: Argues that there are two types of environmental crime:
Corporate Crime
Sutherland: Defines corporate crime as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the case of his occupation".
Nelken: Argues that the study of corporate crime is biased. It tells us more about sociological bias than it does about crime.
Paddington Rail Crash: Two problems occurred, there was a fault on the line due to signalling but the compant had failed to repair it due to costs. The driver of the train had only just passed his test, but the paperwork was not complete and therefore he had not completed all the neccessary procedures.
Michalowski and Kramer: Argues that in developed countries there are basic standards and testing for all new medicines, which costs a lot of money. When it is deemed as unsafe by testing they go on to sell these medicines to underdeveloped countries that don't have this testing. This is not illegal due to standards in other countries, but could still count as corporate crime.
Nestle: The company produced baby formula and made in compulsory in African hospitals, the babies became dependant on the formula milk, they could not afford to buy the formula once out of the hospital and those that could did not have clean water to make the milk, this resulted in the deaths of many babies.
Bhopal-India: Union Carbide, an American chemical company, opened a factory in Bhopal for cheap labour and a lack of health and safety regulations. They failed to train the workers correctly, resulting in an overnight gas leak causing 3000 instant deaths, a further 8000 in the next two weeks and then a further 8000 from related illnesses, reaching a total of 19000 deaths. This should be illegal but it is not and the only people who were truly punished for this crime were the surviving untrained workers.
Pierce: 'Law reflects the interests of the Bourgeoisie' as they have influence over the law, companies can get away with immoral acts.
Tombs: 'Lack of political focus'. The government focus on working class crime in order to keep getting votes. The Proletariat are not interested in corporate crime. The funding bodies for the government are these large immoral companies, so the government will want to protect their interests.
Tombs and Whyte: 'Lack of media coverage'. The media make corporate crime sound boring and too complex for the Proletariat to understand, so the media focusses on trivial crimes by making it sound interesting to the Proletariat.
Braithwaite: 'Punishment through regulation'. Punishment is kept secret from the public. The offenders are able to negotiate their own punishment. He argues that this is ridiculous in comparison to working class crimes.
Occupational Crime
Define: Crimes committed by workers.
Mars: Argues that occupational crime is a 'perk of the job' and it is ignored by the companies, but they budget for workers to do this.
Levy: The working class claim fraudulent expenses, these claims cost billions evert year. People spend more because they aren't paying for it.
State Crime
Green and Ward: Define state crime as " illegal or deviant activites perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies".
Challenger Space Shuttle: During this period of space exploration there were budget cuts to NASA, resulting in the use of cheaper materials to build the space shuttle. NASA knew there were problems on launch day, the team died within 20 seconds of launch due to components melting and the shuttle exploding. The state are to blame as they pushed through with cheaper materials.
Eugene McLaughlin: Argues that state crime is significant. There are four types of state crime:
- Political Crimes - Censorship/Corruption.
- Police/Armed Forces - Genocide/Torture.
- Economic Crimes - Violation of health and safety.
- Social/Cultural Crimes - Institutional crimes.
- Crimes against other states - This refers to international law and support, the invasion of other countries. For example, in the US they get leaders of other countries into debt, if they fail to pay they send the jackals and then the military.
- Actions of the state against its own citizens - Direct; after hurricane Katrina it took three days to get aid, food and water. They received no help from the government. Indirect; after the 7/7 bombings, Jean Charles de Menzes, a Brazillian students, was shot as a result of the police being told to be wary.
- Information to citizens - Omission; The state don't tell citizens about something they should know about. Commission; The government lie to the public through manipulation, such as the Iraq war.
Globalisation and Crime
Giddens: Defined globalisation as the 'decline of national borders'.
Castells: Types of globalised crimes are the arms trafficking, trafficking nuclear weapons, illegal immigration, human trafficking, cyber crimes, international terrorism, money laundering, drug smuggling.
Ian Taylor: Argues that globalisation provides 'fertile soil' for transnational crimes, it makes it easier.
Glenny: 'Fall of Communism'. Argues that during Communism in Russia/Soviet Union the state determined the prices of resources. After Communism ended the state allowed national resources to be sold in a global market. Oil was an exception to this, anyone who had money knew they could exploit it and they sold it to the highest bidder.
Environmental Crime
Nigel South: Argues that there are two types of environmental crime:
- Primary Crimes - Refers to the destruction of the earth's resources, this is mostly legal but shouldn't be legal beacause big companies use it to make profits.
- Secondary Crimes - This refers to illegal activity that is ignored, so the criminals get away with environmental crime.
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